Which principle defines the division of power between state and federal governments?

The principle that defines the division of power between state and federal governments is federalism. Federalism refers to a system of government in which power is divided between a central (federal) authority and various constituent units (state governments). In the United States, the Constitution delineates specific powers for both levels of government, ensuring that certain responsibilities and authorities are shared, while others are reserved strictly for either the states or the federal government. This division allows for a balance of power and the ability to govern at multiple levels, reflecting the diverse needs and interests of the population across different regions.

The other principles listed, such as checks and balances and separation of powers, pertain to the distribution of authority within the federal government itself, rather than the relationship between state and federal governments. Checks and balances ensure that no single branch of government becomes too powerful, while separation of powers divides government responsibilities among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Popular sovereignty is the concept that government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, but does not specifically address power division at the state and federal levels.